27 10 363 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/68f61bacf8f207b6ecceec99c04b1be3.jpg e94536662d3f94de8f4401ba96a29e5c https://imkarchive.org/files/original/9aa0989b08927fb7988fb5d886c15174.jpg 4926002ce6871b983b68f396985b1a50 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/5c61ca7964a0e01b0d11c2024c50d506.jpg e8c97453d082d586f0e7f035b097c338 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/81f25c4a79714aba60a4b00383238a4a.jpg 06a754e1bb7bcff9ab227bf857f0d7b2 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/0b4cb964fb58a35373a40813bcf149d7.jpg 4f06d413bb9f4b9bf6b62ce759075ed0 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/fa9d41f7e28accea708ae3e95166d928.jpg 44a441bb5d15ebf13de6fca2dc9dd3ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Irish Civil War Subject The topic of the resource Irish Civil War Description An account of the resource Irish Civil War Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann The acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty presaged a rupture in the Nationalist movement in Ireland. “..the freedom to achieve freedom” - Michael Collins Those who supported the Treaty and formed the Provisional Government of Ireland later the Irish Free State, were those members of Dail Eireann who believed that militarily an Irish Republic could not be achieved but were willing to settle for a qualified independent twenty-six County State; the six Counties of Northern Ireland having already been accommodated in the Government of Ireland Act 1920, although a promise had been given to revisit this ‘situation’ by establishing a Boundary Commission. The opponents of the Treaty were those who believed that it was a betrayal of the Irish Republic as proclaimed during the Easter Rising of 1916 and a repudiation of the efforts of those who fought and died during the War of Independence nor could they countenance an Oath of Allegiance to the British sovereign. The Anti-Treaty side considered that an armed struggle was sustainable and that by conceding to devolved government we would be surrendering our right to self-determination. The Pro-Treaty side believed that an armed struggle against Britain was not winnable. Furthermore they regarded the Treaty as recognition by Britain of our independence in principle and that it would lead in time to full independence. They were also left in no doubt, by the British, that failure to accept the terms of the Treaty would result in a resumption of war. On the 7th of January, 1922, a narrow majority of Dáil Éireann ratified the Anglo-Irish Treaty and established the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State. The President of the Republic, Eamon de Valera resigned in protest challenging the right of Dáil Éireann to break it’s oath of allegiance to the Republic. This split was reflected also in the IRA which had never been wholly in the control of Dáil Éireann never mind the newly incumbent Provisional Government. The majority of the IRA rejected the Treaty and also challenged the authority of the Minister of Defence, Richard Mulcahy. Michael Collins, a signatory of the Treaty and as President of the IRB, whose leadership was broadly Pro-Treaty, voted in favour of the Treaty. Although Collins and De Valera are commonly regarded as the prime protagonists on each side there is evidence that the positions of both were not as entrenched as might have seemed. De Valera made efforts to ameliorate the terms of the Treaty that might be acceptable to the Anti-Treaty side by offering ‘external association’ with the British Empire rather than dominion status. Collins had hoped to smuggle a ‘republic in disguise’ into the Free State constitution and was also helping both IRA Republicans and Pro-Treaty units in the North to counteract Loyalist violence. Even staunch republican Liam Lynch, Chief of Staff, Irish Republican Army had hoped initially to ‘work the Treaty’. The Civil War itself is considered to have officially begun when the National Army or Free State Army (acting on an ultimatum from the British) attempted to remove, from The Four Courts, Republicans under Rory O’Connor who had provocatively occupied it for three months. The National Army established originally from the Pro-Treaty IRA but now vastly outnumbering the Anti-Treaty forces due to accelerated recruitment, also used artillery borrowed from the British to bombard the building and force the surrender. The use of heavy artillery by the National Army, reminiscent of the British response to the Easter Rising, served only to reinforce the Republicans view that the Provisional Government was only a British stooge. Conversely the occupation of the Four Courts by the Republicans and the taking of a hostage served the Provisional Government and a sympathetic press’ impression of the dissenters as anti-democratic ‘Irregulars’. It was a disastrous engagement for the Anti-Treaty side who lost its former Chief of Staff and former Minister of Defence of Dail Eireann, Cathal Brugha, when the fighting ensued onto the streets of the capital. They also suffered the capture of some 500 of their forces including some key leading figures. With Dublin now firmly in control of the National Army, the next and what would be the final stage of the Civil War would take place mostly in the south of the country. Eventually the National Army with superior forces and artillery gradually overtook most of the major towns in the south. It was during this stage of the conflict that Michael Collins as Commander-in Chief of the National Army decided to make a visit to some garrisons in the south, including a visit to his home turf of Clonakilty. Given that West Cork was one of the few areas still nominally in control of the IRA, this would appear to be a hubristic move to say the least. “The Commander-in-Chief is coming” - Collins’ convoy outrider On their way from Macroom to Bandon, the convoy passed through Kilmurry village on the morning of 22nd of August 1922. The reception he received, or more correctly lack of one, was rather different than the one he would receive in his native Clonakilty later on that day. An attempt by a National Army outrider to drum up enthusiasm for the unannounced convoy, by knocking on some village doors, fell on mostly deaf ears; the only obvious response came from someone who was concerned for the safety of his ducklings in the path of the convoy - “mind my ducks”. “Collins is gone wesht, but he won’t go easth” - Local Postman Immediately after Kilmurry the convoy came upon the crossroads at Béal na mBláth. Because of the state of the war-time roads and unfamiliarity with the area they enquired from a man, just then standing outside Long’s Pub, the way to Bandon. That man was Denis D. ‘ Dinny The Dane’ Long and unknown to the Collin’s convoy he was a just then acting as sentry for recently returned Republican officers and men of the 3rd Brigade, from the fighting at Limerick and North Cork, who were billeted there. These men, having being alerted by the sounds of a military convoy were just then crouched behind the windows of Long’s Pub with arms at the ready. Long, coolly secreting his rifle in the doorway of the pub, hurriedly directed the convoy on their way. Having recognised Collins he then headed to nearby Murrays farmhouse. This was the headquarters of 1st and 3rd Brigades, the staffs of which were just then to hold a war council meeting there. Also due were De Valera and Liam Deasy, OC First Southern Division who were on their way having rested overnight nearby in Kilmichael. That same parish was also host to Erskine Childers and his propaganda group who were editing the newspaper of the Anti-Treaty side, Poblacht na h-Eireann. Collins had not just entered enemy held territory but was within touching distance of a veritable who’s who of the leadership, both military and political, on the Anti-Treaty side; including some of the most effective guerrilla fighters in the country and former colleagues from the War of Independence. De Valera, on having heard that he had just ‘missed’ Collins, is reported to have said “A pity I didn’t meet him”. Given the brazen incursion into their stronghold by the Commander-in-Chief of the Free State Forces and the recent set back suffered at Limerick and North Cork, including the loss of local IRA man William Harrington, it was decided to set an ambush that evening for the returning party. When the convoy did finally make their return that evening, much later than expected, the ambush party had mostly been stood down and the rest were in the process of retrieving mines and clearing the road–block. In the ensuing fight the Michael Collins was fatally shot. “That would be a pity, because lesser men might succeed him…” - Eamon De Valera With the deaths of two of their leaders, Arthur Griffith having died a week earlier, there was a belief that the impetus might have swung to the Republican side, but this was short lived with the replacement of Griffiths and Collins by W.T. Cosgrave and Richard Mulcahy respectively. The increasingly desperate Anti-Treaty forces, without broad public support and fighting an enemy, who, unlike the British, was all too familiar with the local terrain and guerrilla tactics, had to resort to sabotage of local infrastructure and breakup into more effective but less organised flying columns. The Provisional Government for their part introduced emergency legislation with amongst others the power of internment without trial and the power to impose death penalties on non-army personnel; effectively state-sponsored reprisals. The Republicans replied in kind with an open season on Provisional Government deputies and personnel. From thereon in the Civil War descended into an escalating and bitter game of tit-for-tat killings resulting in the Provisional Government executing some 77 Republicans. With the death of Republican Chief of Staff Liam Lynch on the 10th April 1923, the war was effectively over. His more pragmatic successor Frank Aitken called a ceasefire and on the 24th of May 1923 commanded Republican troops to dump arms. The Civil War was over if unfinished. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Independence Museum Kilmurry Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcards - Gen. Michael Collins Funeral Subject The topic of the resource Irish Civil War, Civil War, Ireland, 1922-1923, Irish Free State, Saorstát Éireann Description An account of the resource Michael Collins Funeral - 3 x Postcards. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ken Harte Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1922 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Postcards Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.1110 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1922-1923 1922-1923 Béal na Bláth Ambush Civil War Dublin Free State Army Ireland Irish Civil War Irish Free State Michael Collins Saorstát Éireann https://imkarchive.org/files/original/10850c3776dc4461079266229abf5734.jpg d63688492c422952211af7832ab7149e https://imkarchive.org/files/original/cf1f1704cbd027758ecb593a715e564a.jpg 4675902039805fb767358d7f42528b43 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/3adef657363f587bfcc1f6eb038ca59f.jpg 9c3b2d055eda2042aa771792b2c5e72e https://imkarchive.org/files/original/e7181bcfc56280635c32b90df0dd5569.jpg 180c0d8a2aae7c36d784131ba61f21ab https://imkarchive.org/files/original/69d7d5f6b2f92ba35c9b4c819af5ad96.jpg 5290c0e0d3b6c1e6fa335b06ac4ff6a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Irish War of Independence Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Type The nature or genre of the resource Subject The topic of the resource Irish War of Independence Description An account of the resource War of Independence Cogadh na Saoirse In the immediate aftermath of the Rising it seemed that a calm had settled on Ireland; the command structure of the Volunteers had been depleted and a countrywide round-up of dissenters had been exiled to internment in the United Kingdom. However a simmering resentment remained among the people due to the execution of the rebel leaders, internment of the surviving Volunteers and the continued recruitment drive for manpower for the War effort; allied with the carrot and stick approach tactics of the British linking the implementation of Home Rule to conscription. The rejuvenated Volunteers and its leaders, once released from internment (Frongoch Internment Camp in Wales was known as the “University of Revolution “) had begun to re-organize and rally around the issue of recruitment. The funeral in 1917 of 1916 leader Thomas Ashe (who died on hunger strike while being force fed) had many echoes of the pre-Rising funeral of O’ Donovan Rossa; the impressive organisation of the Volunteers on the day of Ashe’s funeral, and even the choice of a relatively unknown funeral orator, Michael Collins; who would go on to play as dominant a role in the forthcoming conflict, as Patrick Pearse had done in the previous one. Other important indicators of the subtle return of confidence to the separatist ranks were the ceding, by Arthur Griffith of the Presidency of Sinn Fein in favour of Eamon De Valera and the subsequent election of De Valera as President of the Volunteers; increasingly referred to as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Sinn Fein now had the confidence of an army underlying it. The IRA, after the Sinn Fein landslide victory in the general election of 1918, now enjoyed the legitimacy of a democratic majority. Having stood on a policy platform of abstaining from the Westminster Parliament - regarding it as a foreign parliament, the newly elected Sinn Fein members ( those that were not still imprisoned or on the run) convened on 21st of January , 1918 to form the new independent assembly, Dáil Éireann. On the same day in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, two RIC policemen were killed by men from the South Tipperary Brigade of the IRA, in an attempt to gain much needed arms. This is regarded as the first significant encounter of the Anglo-Irish War. Apart from purloining arms, another key tactic of the IRA was instigating a boycott, among locals, of the police. This intimidation inevitably led to a mass of retirements and reduction in the force and ultimately abandoning many of the more isolated rural barracks; leading to a breakdown in civil authority and a further legitimacy to Sinn Fein as the only local enforcement of civil order. The British authorities were prepared to leave the conflict at a ‘law and order’ level as a war would effectively recognise the authority of the new government. The preferred method of engaging with the insurgents was by way of ‘unofficial’ reprisals and harassment but these practices usually only elicited more resentment from the general populace. It was only when an orchestrated attack on three RIC barracks in the Cork area commanded by The Cork No.1 Brigade, that acknowledgment was made at British Government level that “…acts of war…” had been committed. One of these concurrent attacks was an unsuccessful one on the RIC Barracks at Kilmurry by a force of about 60 Macroom Company men with some men from the Kilmurry Company acting as scouts and look-outs. Eventually the British acknowledged the escalation of hostilities by recruiting support for the understrength RIC. This arrived in the form of temporary cadets – Black and Tans – named after their ad-hoc uniforms which were a mix of RIC and British Army due to supply shortages; figuratively betraying also the dual nature of their role. There were further reinforcements from experienced former British Officers in the guise of a paramilitary force, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC), more commonly known as Auxiliaries or Auxies. A further bolster to the Crown Forces was the introduction of the draconian Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 and later on the selective introduction of martial law. The IRA in Cork responded to the escalation of hostilities with their own mobile paramilitary units – The Flying Column – which gained some notable military victories over the more experienced and numerically superior Crown Forces. In Dublin Michael Collins as Director of Intelligence for the Irish Republican Army (among his many roles) had a notable coup whereby the IRA essentially emasculated British Intelligence operations in Dublin by locating and killing eleven members of the crack undercover team known as the ‘Cairo Gang’. In retaliation the Crown Forces opened fire on a Gaelic football match in Croke Park; fourteen civilians died in the attack. Later on the British murdered three IRA prisoners it was holding in Dublin Castle. The day was dubbed as ‘Bloody Sunday’ and was considered a major propaganda and strategic victory for the IRA. The same year saw another major military and morale boosting victory for the IRA when in Cork an ambush of Auxiliaries in Kilmichael by the West Cork Flying Column resulted in 17 British casualties for the loss of three Volunteers. In response the British imposed martial law in most of Munster, including County Cork. In Cork City they also imposed a curfew and on the night of 11–12 December 1920 they burnt and looted the city as a reprisal for an engagement earlier on that evening and the Kilmichael Ambush, two weeks earlier. While the next few months saw even more tit-for-tat casualties it seemed clear that both sides were fighting a battle neither side could hope to win. Eventually a truce was agreed on 21st of July 1921. Since Munster, Cork in particular, saw a majority of the action outside of Dublin in the War of Independence it is no surprise that Kilmurry and its neighbouring parishes were witness to some of the key activities and engagements of the conflict; given its proximity to British garrisons at Cork, Ballincollig, Macroom and Bandon, and the consequent troop movement between them. This concentration of enemy forces attracted IRA attention to the area facilitated by a network of safe houses and loyal following. One such safe-house was in the neighbouring Parish of Kilmichael, Joe O’ Sullivan’s house at Gurranereigh. While Kilmurry was in the 1st Cork Brigade area it was adjacent to the 3rd Cork Brigade, to whose men it was considered a safe and convenient haven. It was to this house that Tom Barry and his men of the 1st Cork Brigade retired to billets after the Crossbarry Ambush on 19th of March 1921. Indeed the area was so often used by the men of the West Cork Flying Column that Sean O’ Hegarty, Officer Commanding of the Ist Cork Brigade once enquired of Tom Barry if “… (they) had any food or houses in West Cork”. Another member of the West Cork Flying Column and a veteran of the Crossbarry and Kilmichael Ambushes was Liam Deasy who in his memoir of the Anglo-Irish War ‘Towards Ireland Free’ fondly remembers the welcome they always received, not only from the Kilmurry/Crookstown Company Officers but also the people of the area. On the morning of Sunday, 22nd of August 1920, the area itself was witness to an ambush of Crown Forces at Lissarda. Local Volunteer William Powell of the Kilmurry Company (later Crookstown Company) observed a convoy of RIC and Tans on the way from Cork to Macroom earlier that morning and knowing they would at some stage return to Cork, set about staging an ambush on their route through Lissarda. It was only about 2:30pm when the convoy arrived at Lissarda but even at this stage all the ambush party had not yet arrived in their positions; there had been 12:30pm Mass to attend, guns to be collected, most likely farm work and probably some dinner. During the engagement one Volunteer was killed. The local man was Michael Galvin who was secretly buried in the Kilmurry Churchyard (any overt ceremony would have incurred reprisals for the family), before later being interred, when it was safe to do so, in St. Mary’s Graveyard, Kilmurry. One of the last actions of the war just a few weeks before the truce, saw the torching of the big house at Warrenscourt. Even at this late stage of the war there was evidence that the British were intent on stationing troops there to suppress IRA activity in the area. This showed the belief of both sides that even with a truce in sight they would be more than ready to continue the fight. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1919 - 1921 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Posthumous Black and Tan Comrac medal Subject The topic of the resource Anglo-Irish War, Irish War of Independence, War of Independence, Ireland, 1919-1921 Description An account of the resource Michael Galvin posthumous 'Black and Tan' Medal (comrac). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fr. Michael Kelleher & Dernot Kelleher Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Medal Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.1040 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1919-1921 1919-1921 Anglo-Irish War Ireland Irish War of Independence Kilmurry Lissarda Ambush War of Independence https://imkarchive.org/files/original/ca498e6b398c539234218161473efcf9.JPG 51315b622c72bd597bcb49a167c81db2 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/8dcbc29c0bd01910461d68021c12016e.JPG 7f16038e80149f0dc923758dabbac778 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Princess Mary Christmas gift box Subject The topic of the resource First World War, Allies, Entente Powers Description An account of the resource The Princess Mary 1914 Christmas Gift Box was a brass box that was intended as a Christmas present for ‘every sailor afloat and every soldier at the front’ in the Great War on Christmas Day 1914. This ‘gift from the nation’ was named after Princess Mary, the seventeen year old daughter of King George V and Queen Mary, whose original idea it was. However the scale of the project was such that a ‘Sailors & Soldiers Christmas Fund’ was established to invite monetary contributions from the public. The response to the sincerity and earnestness of the young Princess’ personal appeal was such that the original idea was extended to include all those serving, either at home or abroad. Due to the phenomenal response from the public the fund was in surplus. Thus distribution criteria were able to be extended to meet the increasing demand with many service people feeling they had been ‘left out’. Eventually all who were serving whether at home or abroad, prisoners of war and the next of kin of 1914 casualties would receive the gift box; eventually over 2,600,000 people were to benefit from the widened eligibility. The gift was a brass box (silver for the officer class – plus ça change!) which featured a relief portrait of the young Princess flanked by a double monogram as well as reliefs referring to the allied Nations. The gift initially included an embossed brass box, one ounce of pipe tobacco, twenty cigarettes, a pipe, a tinder lighter, Christmas card and photograph (packet of acid tablets, a khaki writing case containing bullet pencil, paper for boys and/or non-smokers in place of tobacco items). Provision was also made for the religious and dietary sensibilities of Indian troops. Given the vastly expanded constituency for the gift recipients it was impossible to manufacture, supply and distribute the gifts by Christmas Day 1914 to those other than troops serving at the front – later recipients who only got their gift in 1915 received a New Year 2015 card instead of a Christmas 2014 card. In fact so vast was the task of getting the items to over 2,600,000 people that some only received their gifts after the Armistice in 1918! Obviously there was a strain on the availability of brass during wartime and arrangements were made for the supply of some 45 tonnes of brass strip from the United States of America, which at that time, May 1915, had still not entered the war. The ship used to transport the shipment was none other than the RMS Lusitania, which was torpedoed 18 km off the Old Head of Kinsale and inside the war zone as declared by the Germans. While it might have been a stretch to justify the sinking of an ocean liner with the loss of 1,198 lives on the basis that it was carrying 45 tonnes of brass strip for the ‘war effort’ it was subsequently learned that the ocean liner did have a substantial cargo of munitions on board. Apart from the fact that so many were distributed, another reason so many still exist is testament to the quality of brass and workmanship that went to make up each box – at least those made earlier in the war – subsequent boxes were made of inferior metal plated alloy. Consequently those were not as treasured as the earlier issue which were relatively airtight and as such were useful for keepsakes, photographs, papers, etc., long after their original contents were gone. It is estimated that fifty or so Kilmurry men saw service in the Great War. In his book Kilmurry 1915-1918: The War Years (Cork: self-published, 2015) local historian Michael Galvin has recorded their service and the fact that at least 14 perished in the war. Generally recruitment numbers in rural areas was less than those in urban areas; the general trend was that rural recruitment tended to be mostly farmer’s sons, although Kilmurry Parish had quite a high percentage of recruits from local gentry families. As Michael states in his book, whatever the various reasons or motivations that sent these young men to war there was no doubting their raw courage. One of the 14 who never returned home was a Shandangan man, John Barry, a Royal Navy sailor who lost his life in a submarine explosion in the North Sea on St. Stephen Day, Christmas 1915. While the particular provenance of the brass box (one of the earlier brass embossed ones) exhibited in the Independence Museum Kilmurry collection is unknown, it is quite likely that it belonged to one of the Kilmurry men who served. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914-1920 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource physical object Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource metal Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.0560 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm 1914-1920, https://imkarchive.org/files/original/1c61a42cdd5473488c49225b9f735675.jpg bdfe649c3a683ccbddcafe9f0cb1865c https://imkarchive.org/files/original/126341df35ccc77e307610f0455b94cc.jpg ae9a79c90658e46398d02eda4e1ccc9c https://imkarchive.org/files/original/f11b298aba176b3ef4081d4c32d640cd.jpg 8197ea47bc574a968713f263d92bf77e https://imkarchive.org/files/original/da49ada2c151768c1db2f272f323536b.jpg d557d49f6a9af1caac944ee280acab4a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Terence MacSwiney Subject The topic of the resource Terence MacSwiney Description An account of the resource Terence Mac Swiney. (Born 28.3.1879 – Died 25.10.1920). “... it is not they who can inflict most but they who can suffer most will prevail...”. Words spoken by Terence MacSwiney on his election as Lord Mayor of Cork in 1920. 1835 Terence Mac Swiney’s father John “born in a farmhouse near Crookstown, Co. Cork in the year 1835” - an area where Mac Swiney’s have lived since before the sixteenth century. 1879 Terence, the fourth of eight children, is born in Cork to John Mac Swiney and Mary Wilkinson. 1895 Aged 16 Terence had to leave the Christian Brothers School at North Monastery to help support the family following the death of his father John in Australia. Terence worked for the next 17 years at Dwyer and Company on Washington Street where he trained as an accountant. 1899 Terence enrolled at Royal College where he studied for a degree in Philosophy – continuing to work by day and study by night. 1901 Helped found the Celtic Literary Society-along with Tomas Mac Curtain, Daniel Corkery, Sean O’Hegarty and Liam de Roiste. 1902 Wrote a letter on behalf of the Cork Literary Society protesting at the Royal Visit of King Edward to the Cork Exhibition of 1902. 1903. Elected Chairman of Cork Literary Society. 1904 His mother dies –by all accounts a heroic woman to whom Terence was deeply attached. She is said to have fostered in her children a love for literature and learning. She faced life’s difficulties with a simple conviction that “God knows best”. 1905 The Fenian O’Donovan Rossa visited Cork from the United States. Terence’s sister Annie at the time recounts “Behind the carriage came a small group of those who had gone to welcome him home, and amongst them was Terry. His face was uplifted and shining. I had been thinking what a wretched crowd it was, how cold and indifferent the streets, until this glance at Terry startled me, and the street, the people, the moving tram on which I sat, all faded. I carried that look with me and wondered what he saw”. Terence Mac Swiney believed in preparing himself for his future role. He believed that Ireland’s “separation - complete independence from Great Britain- was the only way of safety for a small nation- it must not be drawn into the wars and quarrels of its great neighbours”. 1906 His sister Mary (the eldest in the family and eight years older) returns to Cork to from Farnborough where she had been teaching. 1907 Terence graduates from the Royal University (now University College Cork) and published his first book The Music of Freedom. 1908 Along with Daniel Corkery he was a founding member of the Cork Dramatic Society – primarily made up of members of the Gaelic League. Terence continued to work on his four Act play The Revolutionist 1911 Appointed a Commercial Teacher by Cork County Council with responsibility for organising classes in towns throughout County Cork. 1913. Along with Tomas Mac Curtain and Sean O’Hegarty, Terence Mac Swiney founded the Cork branch of the Irish Volunteers. “He threw himself into the work of the movement with a controlled, yet burning passion that overcame all difficulties and everywhere drew men round him”. Dermot Mc Curtain was Commanding Officer of the Cork Brigade with Terence Mac Swiney second in command. 1914 Terence founded a newspaper in Cork named Fianna Fail –used as an outlet for his political writings. To raise much needed funds he sold his much loved books, against his sisters wishes, for £20 saying “a bed to lie on and enough food to keep life in us, to enable us to work is all any of us should think of having now”- the newspaper was suppressed after 11 issues. 1915 August 1915. Terence Mac Swiney appointed full-time organiser of the Volunteers for County Cork. Mainly cycling, throughout Co. Cork helping form branches of the Irish Volunteers. T.J. Murphy of Lissarda, Crookstown, Co Cork writes “the example of the hard life of Terence Mac Swiney... carried us on ... (He came) amongst us in frost and snow, drilling us, getting us ready for the day... devoting hours in a bleak country-side on many a winter’s evening, and rushing off on a push-bike, perhaps at 10.00 o’clock, to meet another Company”. Attended Irish language Summer course in Ballingeary to improve his Irish and visit an area he loved. 1916 Easter Week. The ship the “Aud” fails to land German guns and ammunition in Co. Kerry - to be used in the Rising. Roger Casement is arrested – the Aud scuttled with its munitions when under escort in Cork harbour. No armed rising takes place in Cork following countermand of orders issued by Gen. Eoin Mac Neill Volunteer HQ Dublin. Mac Swiney later quoted bitterly “Order, counter-order, disorder” – a lesson perhaps learned for the future. On Easter Sunday 1916, hundreds of Cork City and other Irish Volunteers marched past the museum building in Kilmurry that was once home to ancestors of their vice-commandant and later Cork’s Lord Mayor, Terence MacSwiney. Terence Mac Swiney arrested and imprisoned at Frongach, North Wales and later moved to Reading jail in England and later released. 1917 In February he is re-arrested and interred at Bromyard in England where Terence MacSwiney marries Muriel Murphy - of the Murphy brewing family in Cork -whom he had known since 1915. At their wedding Terence Mac Swiney wore an officer uniform of the Irish Volunteers which one of the bridesmaids, Geraldine Neeson, had helped smuggle over from Cork. 1918 In June their only child, a daughter, Maire Og, is born in Cork. (In 1945 Maire Og married Ruairi Brugha , son of Cathal Brugha a 1916 volunteer and first Ceann Comhairle ( Chairman) of Dail Eareann). Terence Mac Swiney, as a Volunteer leader, was by now under close surveillance by both police and military and was arrested a number of times. He rarely spent the night at his own home but at carefully selected houses all over Cork In Ireland there was a complete swing in the mood of the people towards the idea of a Republic. Terence Mac Swiney is elected to Dail Eireann ( Irish Parliament) –as a Sinn Fein candidate for Mid –Cork constituency. 1919 The first Dail Eireann was held in the Mansion House Dublin in January- when it adopted a Constitution and approved the declaration of independence as signed by the 1916 leaders –setting up a separate Irish Parliament, Government and Republic. Terence Mac Swiney strongly advocates that Gaelic Irish should be the spoken language of the Irish people and he endeavoured to have motions conducted through Irish. 1920 March 19th. Tomas Mac Curtain, Lord Mayor of Cork, is shot at his home. The coroner’s verdict is the Lord Mayor “was wilfully murdered, under circumstances of most callous brutality; that the murder was organised and carried out by the Royal Irish Constabulary -officially directed by the British Government” Terence Mac Swiney was appointed Lord Mayor of Cork- unopposed. “.... I am more of a soldier stepping into the breach than as an administrator to fill the post in the Municipality.....by showing ourselves un-terrified -cool and inflexible for the fulfilment of our chief purpose – the establishment of the independence and integrity of our country, the peace and happiness of the Irish Republic”. He enjoyed music in all its forms and at this time took an active part in the reorganisation of the Cork Municipal School of Music. March 1920 saw the arrival in Ireland of the “Black and Tans” and Auxilaries – with increasing use of force by the British military – resignations from the R.I.C. became frequent. August 12th. Terence Mac Swiney, Lord Mayor, arrested at Cork City Hall –charged with being in possession of seditious documents. On arrest he commenced his fast saying “ I shall be free alive or dead within a month”. He is sentenced to 2 years in Brixton prison, England arriving there on August 18th. His fast would gain world-wide attention and bring focus on Ireland and its quest for Independence. 30th September . He wrote to Cathal Brugha “... ah Cathal , the pain of Easter Week is probably dead at last.... God bless you again and again and God give you and yours long years of happiness under the victorious Republic”. As his health deteriorated usually present were his wife Muriel, his sisters Annie and Mary, his brother Sean his Chaplain Fr. Dominic O.F.M Capuchin –to share bedside vigils. Dr Coholan, Bishop of Cork also visited as well as Bishop Mannix of Melbourne among others. 25th October Terence Mac Swiney dies, age 41, following his 74 day fast. His body is removed to Southwark Cathedral where over thirty thousand people visit to pay their respects. His body is returned by mail-boat direct to Cork under military escort to avoid possible demonstrations in Dublin. Following Mass at the North Cathedral and funeral attended by huge crowds in Cork City Terence MacSwiney is buried in the Republican plot at St. Finbarr’s Cemetery, Cork - alongside his comrade Tomas Mac Curtain Notes; Note, Sean O’Hegarty referred to (at 1901 and 1913) is buried in the old graveyard in Kilmurry. Daniel Corkerry writing to Mary Mac Swiney a few days after Terence MacSwiney’s death “ ...I know how much he loved Mid-cork, every hill of it, and its fine people, and know quite well that certain of its features would recur to his memory with terrible intensity”. Bishop Coholan in a letter to the Cork Examiner Newspaper wrote “ Periodically, the memory of the martyr’s death will remind a young generation of the fundamental question of the freedom of Ireland”. Petit Journal , Paris said “The death of the Lord Mayor of Cork has interested the whole of humanity in the cause of Irish Independence. Prof. Liam O’Brien then in Paris says “that Europe was ringing with MacSwiney’s name”. Corriere d’Italia “ his wish has been to sacrifice his life for (his country) in testimony to his faith – and the same sacrifice may well be the equivalent for England as a crushing defeat”. Terence Mac Swiney writings. • The Music of Freedom by 'Cuireadóir'. (Poems, The Risen Gaedheal Press, Cork 1907) • Fianna Fáil : the Irish army : a journal for militant Ireland weekly publication edited and mainly written by MacSwiney; Cork, 11 issues, (September to December 1914) • The Revolutionist; a play in five acts (Dublin, London: Maunsel and Company, 1914). Internet Archive. • The Ethics of Revolt: a discussion from a Catholic point of view as to when it becomes lawful to rise in revolt against the Civil Power by Toirdhealbhach Mac Suibhne (pamphlet, 1918) • Battle-cries (Poems, 1918) • Principles of Freedom (Dublin: The Talbot Press, 1921) • Despite Fools' Laughter; poems by Terence MacSwiney. Edited by B. G. MacCarthy (Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, 1944) Quotes • "It is not those who can inflict the most, but those that can suffer the most who will prevail” • "I am confident that my death will do more to smash the British Empire than my release." (On his hunger strike) • "I want you to bear witness that I die as a Soldier of the Irish Republic." His last words to a visiting priest. Mac Swiney clan background. In Ireland the Mac Sweeney or Clann Suibhne were primarily engaged as professional captains or Galloglass or Galloglaigh from (1200-1600). Galloglass (g. Galloglaigh), are defined as a class of elite mercenary warriors, principally members of the Norse – Gaelic Clans of Scotland, between the mid thirteenth and late sixteenth centuries. In Donegal the MacSwineys divided into three Branches, MacSuibhne Fanad, Mac Suibhne na dTuath and Mac Suibhne Banaghin. Their services as Galloglass were much in demand from both Irish Chieftains and indeed Anglo Norman families. In a document compiled in 1602 by Sir George Carew, Lord President of Munster, it records that an Edmund MacSwiney was ‘drawn out of Ulster’ by Cormac MacCarthy, the builder of Blarney Castle, who died in 1494. This was the likely commencement of a migratory move South by the Mac Swineys whose role it was to train men in the skills of warfare and lead them in battle. They were also in demand as custodians of castles and in return for their services received rents, cattle and in time also acquired lands. This association with the MacCarthys in Muskerry lasted into the seventeenth century. In 1570 it is recorded the MacSwineys are fighting on the side of James Fitzmaurice (Fitzgerald) when the then Viceroy, the Earl of Sydney, reports that he is moving against the MacSwiney Galloglasses ‘who supply the chief forces of the traitor’. The MacSwineys are linked with a MacCarthy castle at Castlemore, near Farnanes, and held castles held in their own right at Clodagh (Cloghda) near Crookstown and Mashanaglass near Macroom. The ‘castles’ at Clodagh and Mashanaglass were built in the period (1400a.d. to 1600a.d) and could more accurately be described as ‘tower houses’. Both castles, especially Mashanaglass, are in advanced stages of disrepair and decay. In 1598 a Brian MacSwiney and his wife Honora Fitzgerald are recorded as occupiers and owners of Clodah castle (towerhouse) where a stone upper-floor mantelpiece has the inscription ‘Anno Dni. 1598 B.M.S.O.G. Decimo Die Julii’ . In 1610 this Brian is applying for a re-grant of the Castle but it was awarded to an Edward Southworthe. In 1834 (Tithe Applotment Book) the castle is held by the Earl of Bandon and probably used as a hunting lodge. When Cromwell invaded Ireland his armies over-ran Muskerry and the lands and possessions of the MacSwineys were seized and given to Cromwell’s followers. Many of the MacSwineys lived on in Muskerry and from one of these, and descendent of the last owner of Clodagh Castle came John MacSwiney, Terence’s father “ He was born in a small farm-house near Crookstown, in the year 1835-just before the famine. While still a young man he shook of his restricted surroundings and made his way to Rome, in order to serve in the Papal Guard during the war against Garibaldi. He arrived in Rome too late the fighting was already over. On his way home, in 1870 he obtained work in London, as a school teacher. A year later he married another school-teacher, Miss Mary Wilkinson. Her father was English, or partly so, her mother’s family had emigrated from the South of Ireland two or three generations earlier. The first three Mac Swiney Children, Mary, Catherine and Peter were born in London, later on the family moved back to Cork where Terence, Margaret, Annie and Sean were born. Following the failure of a business venture with his brother in law John Mac Swiney went to Australia in search of work where he had relations and where he died in 1895. This placed a heavy burden on Mrs Mary Mac Swiney to rear her family and Terence left secondary school at age sixteen to work in the office of Dwyer and Company on WashingtonStreet. (Return to Dates sheet). T.McSwiney ( KHAA 12/2015). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Indpendence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1879 - 1920 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Principles of Freedom (Terence MacSwiney) 1921 - 2nd edition Subject The topic of the resource Terence MacSwiney Description An account of the resource Principles of Freedom (Terence MacSwiney) 1921 - 2nd edition Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Book Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.0482 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1879-1921 Terence MacSwiney https://imkarchive.org/files/original/619d2961c1bd8b3eddf259112e242a82.jpg 1da8c8ffb435c821dc237515fbbe5b2c https://imkarchive.org/files/original/9cec660ff9c9a6f9b3886f072ebab4ce.jpg 5cd1eecc30176d88c6b42c0e808428fa https://imkarchive.org/files/original/facc21d1ff0d5f7e5ea65e60c57afa91.jpg 7101a3f3d8fe8afbe71bac6572829c76 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/3c5b34418fd9e4d281a37febc6a57649.jpg ebfe72884eab714437837061a5340b82 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Terence MacSwiney Subject The topic of the resource Terence MacSwiney Description An account of the resource Terence Mac Swiney. (Born 28.3.1879 – Died 25.10.1920). “... it is not they who can inflict most but they who can suffer most will prevail...”. Words spoken by Terence MacSwiney on his election as Lord Mayor of Cork in 1920. 1835 Terence Mac Swiney’s father John “born in a farmhouse near Crookstown, Co. Cork in the year 1835” - an area where Mac Swiney’s have lived since before the sixteenth century. 1879 Terence, the fourth of eight children, is born in Cork to John Mac Swiney and Mary Wilkinson. 1895 Aged 16 Terence had to leave the Christian Brothers School at North Monastery to help support the family following the death of his father John in Australia. Terence worked for the next 17 years at Dwyer and Company on Washington Street where he trained as an accountant. 1899 Terence enrolled at Royal College where he studied for a degree in Philosophy – continuing to work by day and study by night. 1901 Helped found the Celtic Literary Society-along with Tomas Mac Curtain, Daniel Corkery, Sean O’Hegarty and Liam de Roiste. 1902 Wrote a letter on behalf of the Cork Literary Society protesting at the Royal Visit of King Edward to the Cork Exhibition of 1902. 1903. Elected Chairman of Cork Literary Society. 1904 His mother dies –by all accounts a heroic woman to whom Terence was deeply attached. She is said to have fostered in her children a love for literature and learning. She faced life’s difficulties with a simple conviction that “God knows best”. 1905 The Fenian O’Donovan Rossa visited Cork from the United States. Terence’s sister Annie at the time recounts “Behind the carriage came a small group of those who had gone to welcome him home, and amongst them was Terry. His face was uplifted and shining. I had been thinking what a wretched crowd it was, how cold and indifferent the streets, until this glance at Terry startled me, and the street, the people, the moving tram on which I sat, all faded. I carried that look with me and wondered what he saw”. Terence Mac Swiney believed in preparing himself for his future role. He believed that Ireland’s “separation - complete independence from Great Britain- was the only way of safety for a small nation- it must not be drawn into the wars and quarrels of its great neighbours”. 1906 His sister Mary (the eldest in the family and eight years older) returns to Cork to from Farnborough where she had been teaching. 1907 Terence graduates from the Royal University (now University College Cork) and published his first book The Music of Freedom. 1908 Along with Daniel Corkery he was a founding member of the Cork Dramatic Society – primarily made up of members of the Gaelic League. Terence continued to work on his four Act play The Revolutionist 1911 Appointed a Commercial Teacher by Cork County Council with responsibility for organising classes in towns throughout County Cork. 1913. Along with Tomas Mac Curtain and Sean O’Hegarty, Terence Mac Swiney founded the Cork branch of the Irish Volunteers. “He threw himself into the work of the movement with a controlled, yet burning passion that overcame all difficulties and everywhere drew men round him”. Dermot Mc Curtain was Commanding Officer of the Cork Brigade with Terence Mac Swiney second in command. 1914 Terence founded a newspaper in Cork named Fianna Fail –used as an outlet for his political writings. To raise much needed funds he sold his much loved books, against his sisters wishes, for £20 saying “a bed to lie on and enough food to keep life in us, to enable us to work is all any of us should think of having now”- the newspaper was suppressed after 11 issues. 1915 August 1915. Terence Mac Swiney appointed full-time organiser of the Volunteers for County Cork. Mainly cycling, throughout Co. Cork helping form branches of the Irish Volunteers. T.J. Murphy of Lissarda, Crookstown, Co Cork writes “the example of the hard life of Terence Mac Swiney... carried us on ... (He came) amongst us in frost and snow, drilling us, getting us ready for the day... devoting hours in a bleak country-side on many a winter’s evening, and rushing off on a push-bike, perhaps at 10.00 o’clock, to meet another Company”. Attended Irish language Summer course in Ballingeary to improve his Irish and visit an area he loved. 1916 Easter Week. The ship the “Aud” fails to land German guns and ammunition in Co. Kerry - to be used in the Rising. Roger Casement is arrested – the Aud scuttled with its munitions when under escort in Cork harbour. No armed rising takes place in Cork following countermand of orders issued by Gen. Eoin Mac Neill Volunteer HQ Dublin. Mac Swiney later quoted bitterly “Order, counter-order, disorder” – a lesson perhaps learned for the future. On Easter Sunday 1916, hundreds of Cork City and other Irish Volunteers marched past the museum building in Kilmurry that was once home to ancestors of their vice-commandant and later Cork’s Lord Mayor, Terence MacSwiney. Terence Mac Swiney arrested and imprisoned at Frongach, North Wales and later moved to Reading jail in England and later released. 1917 In February he is re-arrested and interred at Bromyard in England where Terence MacSwiney marries Muriel Murphy - of the Murphy brewing family in Cork -whom he had known since 1915. At their wedding Terence Mac Swiney wore an officer uniform of the Irish Volunteers which one of the bridesmaids, Geraldine Neeson, had helped smuggle over from Cork. 1918 In June their only child, a daughter, Maire Og, is born in Cork. (In 1945 Maire Og married Ruairi Brugha , son of Cathal Brugha a 1916 volunteer and first Ceann Comhairle ( Chairman) of Dail Eareann). Terence Mac Swiney, as a Volunteer leader, was by now under close surveillance by both police and military and was arrested a number of times. He rarely spent the night at his own home but at carefully selected houses all over Cork In Ireland there was a complete swing in the mood of the people towards the idea of a Republic. Terence Mac Swiney is elected to Dail Eireann ( Irish Parliament) –as a Sinn Fein candidate for Mid –Cork constituency. 1919 The first Dail Eireann was held in the Mansion House Dublin in January- when it adopted a Constitution and approved the declaration of independence as signed by the 1916 leaders –setting up a separate Irish Parliament, Government and Republic. Terence Mac Swiney strongly advocates that Gaelic Irish should be the spoken language of the Irish people and he endeavoured to have motions conducted through Irish. 1920 March 19th. Tomas Mac Curtain, Lord Mayor of Cork, is shot at his home. The coroner’s verdict is the Lord Mayor “was wilfully murdered, under circumstances of most callous brutality; that the murder was organised and carried out by the Royal Irish Constabulary -officially directed by the British Government” Terence Mac Swiney was appointed Lord Mayor of Cork- unopposed. “.... I am more of a soldier stepping into the breach than as an administrator to fill the post in the Municipality.....by showing ourselves un-terrified -cool and inflexible for the fulfilment of our chief purpose – the establishment of the independence and integrity of our country, the peace and happiness of the Irish Republic”. He enjoyed music in all its forms and at this time took an active part in the reorganisation of the Cork Municipal School of Music. March 1920 saw the arrival in Ireland of the “Black and Tans” and Auxilaries – with increasing use of force by the British military – resignations from the R.I.C. became frequent. August 12th. Terence Mac Swiney, Lord Mayor, arrested at Cork City Hall –charged with being in possession of seditious documents. On arrest he commenced his fast saying “ I shall be free alive or dead within a month”. He is sentenced to 2 years in Brixton prison, England arriving there on August 18th. His fast would gain world-wide attention and bring focus on Ireland and its quest for Independence. 30th September . He wrote to Cathal Brugha “... ah Cathal , the pain of Easter Week is probably dead at last.... God bless you again and again and God give you and yours long years of happiness under the victorious Republic”. As his health deteriorated usually present were his wife Muriel, his sisters Annie and Mary, his brother Sean his Chaplain Fr. Dominic O.F.M Capuchin –to share bedside vigils. Dr Coholan, Bishop of Cork also visited as well as Bishop Mannix of Melbourne among others. 25th October Terence Mac Swiney dies, age 41, following his 74 day fast. His body is removed to Southwark Cathedral where over thirty thousand people visit to pay their respects. His body is returned by mail-boat direct to Cork under military escort to avoid possible demonstrations in Dublin. Following Mass at the North Cathedral and funeral attended by huge crowds in Cork City Terence MacSwiney is buried in the Republican plot at St. Finbarr’s Cemetery, Cork - alongside his comrade Tomas Mac Curtain Notes; Note, Sean O’Hegarty referred to (at 1901 and 1913) is buried in the old graveyard in Kilmurry. Daniel Corkerry writing to Mary Mac Swiney a few days after Terence MacSwiney’s death “ ...I know how much he loved Mid-cork, every hill of it, and its fine people, and know quite well that certain of its features would recur to his memory with terrible intensity”. Bishop Coholan in a letter to the Cork Examiner Newspaper wrote “ Periodically, the memory of the martyr’s death will remind a young generation of the fundamental question of the freedom of Ireland”. Petit Journal , Paris said “The death of the Lord Mayor of Cork has interested the whole of humanity in the cause of Irish Independence. Prof. Liam O’Brien then in Paris says “that Europe was ringing with MacSwiney’s name”. Corriere d’Italia “ his wish has been to sacrifice his life for (his country) in testimony to his faith – and the same sacrifice may well be the equivalent for England as a crushing defeat”. Terence Mac Swiney writings. • The Music of Freedom by 'Cuireadóir'. (Poems, The Risen Gaedheal Press, Cork 1907) • Fianna Fáil : the Irish army : a journal for militant Ireland weekly publication edited and mainly written by MacSwiney; Cork, 11 issues, (September to December 1914) • The Revolutionist; a play in five acts (Dublin, London: Maunsel and Company, 1914). Internet Archive. • The Ethics of Revolt: a discussion from a Catholic point of view as to when it becomes lawful to rise in revolt against the Civil Power by Toirdhealbhach Mac Suibhne (pamphlet, 1918) • Battle-cries (Poems, 1918) • Principles of Freedom (Dublin: The Talbot Press, 1921) • Despite Fools' Laughter; poems by Terence MacSwiney. Edited by B. G. MacCarthy (Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, 1944) Quotes • "It is not those who can inflict the most, but those that can suffer the most who will prevail” • "I am confident that my death will do more to smash the British Empire than my release." (On his hunger strike) • "I want you to bear witness that I die as a Soldier of the Irish Republic." His last words to a visiting priest. Mac Swiney clan background. In Ireland the Mac Sweeney or Clann Suibhne were primarily engaged as professional captains or Galloglass or Galloglaigh from (1200-1600). Galloglass (g. Galloglaigh), are defined as a class of elite mercenary warriors, principally members of the Norse – Gaelic Clans of Scotland, between the mid thirteenth and late sixteenth centuries. In Donegal the MacSwineys divided into three Branches, MacSuibhne Fanad, Mac Suibhne na dTuath and Mac Suibhne Banaghin. Their services as Galloglass were much in demand from both Irish Chieftains and indeed Anglo Norman families. In a document compiled in 1602 by Sir George Carew, Lord President of Munster, it records that an Edmund MacSwiney was ‘drawn out of Ulster’ by Cormac MacCarthy, the builder of Blarney Castle, who died in 1494. This was the likely commencement of a migratory move South by the Mac Swineys whose role it was to train men in the skills of warfare and lead them in battle. They were also in demand as custodians of castles and in return for their services received rents, cattle and in time also acquired lands. This association with the MacCarthys in Muskerry lasted into the seventeenth century. In 1570 it is recorded the MacSwineys are fighting on the side of James Fitzmaurice (Fitzgerald) when the then Viceroy, the Earl of Sydney, reports that he is moving against the MacSwiney Galloglasses ‘who supply the chief forces of the traitor’. The MacSwineys are linked with a MacCarthy castle at Castlemore, near Farnanes, and held castles held in their own right at Clodagh (Cloghda) near Crookstown and Mashanaglass near Macroom. The ‘castles’ at Clodagh and Mashanaglass were built in the period (1400a.d. to 1600a.d) and could more accurately be described as ‘tower houses’. Both castles, especially Mashanaglass, are in advanced stages of disrepair and decay. In 1598 a Brian MacSwiney and his wife Honora Fitzgerald are recorded as occupiers and owners of Clodah castle (towerhouse) where a stone upper-floor mantelpiece has the inscription ‘Anno Dni. 1598 B.M.S.O.G. Decimo Die Julii’ . In 1610 this Brian is applying for a re-grant of the Castle but it was awarded to an Edward Southworthe. In 1834 (Tithe Applotment Book) the castle is held by the Earl of Bandon and probably used as a hunting lodge. When Cromwell invaded Ireland his armies over-ran Muskerry and the lands and possessions of the MacSwineys were seized and given to Cromwell’s followers. Many of the MacSwineys lived on in Muskerry and from one of these, and descendent of the last owner of Clodagh Castle came John MacSwiney, Terence’s father “ He was born in a small farm-house near Crookstown, in the year 1835-just before the famine. While still a young man he shook of his restricted surroundings and made his way to Rome, in order to serve in the Papal Guard during the war against Garibaldi. He arrived in Rome too late the fighting was already over. On his way home, in 1870 he obtained work in London, as a school teacher. A year later he married another school-teacher, Miss Mary Wilkinson. Her father was English, or partly so, her mother’s family had emigrated from the South of Ireland two or three generations earlier. The first three Mac Swiney Children, Mary, Catherine and Peter were born in London, later on the family moved back to Cork where Terence, Margaret, Annie and Sean were born. Following the failure of a business venture with his brother in law John Mac Swiney went to Australia in search of work where he had relations and where he died in 1895. This placed a heavy burden on Mrs Mary Mac Swiney to rear her family and Terence left secondary school at age sixteen to work in the office of Dwyer and Company on WashingtonStreet. (Return to Dates sheet). T.McSwiney ( KHAA 12/2015). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Indpendence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1879 - 1920 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Principles of Freedom (Terence MacSwiney) 1921 - 2nd edition Subject The topic of the resource Terence MacSwiney Description An account of the resource Principles of Freedom (Terence MacSwiney) 1921 - 2nd edition Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Book Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.0502 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1879-1920 Terence MacSwiney https://imkarchive.org/files/original/7db5e939b851273db72525d7e165059a.jpg 3a7999aca0dbb098382f91bc90921b25 https://imkarchive.org/files/original/8da69ca6fa174704280209967dddaada.jpg 972d6ba814bbb022c63cf5783e43276b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Terence MacSwiney Subject The topic of the resource Terence MacSwiney Description An account of the resource Terence Mac Swiney. (Born 28.3.1879 – Died 25.10.1920). “... it is not they who can inflict most but they who can suffer most will prevail...”. Words spoken by Terence MacSwiney on his election as Lord Mayor of Cork in 1920. 1835 Terence Mac Swiney’s father John “born in a farmhouse near Crookstown, Co. Cork in the year 1835” - an area where Mac Swiney’s have lived since before the sixteenth century. 1879 Terence, the fourth of eight children, is born in Cork to John Mac Swiney and Mary Wilkinson. 1895 Aged 16 Terence had to leave the Christian Brothers School at North Monastery to help support the family following the death of his father John in Australia. Terence worked for the next 17 years at Dwyer and Company on Washington Street where he trained as an accountant. 1899 Terence enrolled at Royal College where he studied for a degree in Philosophy – continuing to work by day and study by night. 1901 Helped found the Celtic Literary Society-along with Tomas Mac Curtain, Daniel Corkery, Sean O’Hegarty and Liam de Roiste. 1902 Wrote a letter on behalf of the Cork Literary Society protesting at the Royal Visit of King Edward to the Cork Exhibition of 1902. 1903. Elected Chairman of Cork Literary Society. 1904 His mother dies –by all accounts a heroic woman to whom Terence was deeply attached. She is said to have fostered in her children a love for literature and learning. She faced life’s difficulties with a simple conviction that “God knows best”. 1905 The Fenian O’Donovan Rossa visited Cork from the United States. Terence’s sister Annie at the time recounts “Behind the carriage came a small group of those who had gone to welcome him home, and amongst them was Terry. His face was uplifted and shining. I had been thinking what a wretched crowd it was, how cold and indifferent the streets, until this glance at Terry startled me, and the street, the people, the moving tram on which I sat, all faded. I carried that look with me and wondered what he saw”. Terence Mac Swiney believed in preparing himself for his future role. He believed that Ireland’s “separation - complete independence from Great Britain- was the only way of safety for a small nation- it must not be drawn into the wars and quarrels of its great neighbours”. 1906 His sister Mary (the eldest in the family and eight years older) returns to Cork to from Farnborough where she had been teaching. 1907 Terence graduates from the Royal University (now University College Cork) and published his first book The Music of Freedom. 1908 Along with Daniel Corkery he was a founding member of the Cork Dramatic Society – primarily made up of members of the Gaelic League. Terence continued to work on his four Act play The Revolutionist 1911 Appointed a Commercial Teacher by Cork County Council with responsibility for organising classes in towns throughout County Cork. 1913. Along with Tomas Mac Curtain and Sean O’Hegarty, Terence Mac Swiney founded the Cork branch of the Irish Volunteers. “He threw himself into the work of the movement with a controlled, yet burning passion that overcame all difficulties and everywhere drew men round him”. Dermot Mc Curtain was Commanding Officer of the Cork Brigade with Terence Mac Swiney second in command. 1914 Terence founded a newspaper in Cork named Fianna Fail –used as an outlet for his political writings. To raise much needed funds he sold his much loved books, against his sisters wishes, for £20 saying “a bed to lie on and enough food to keep life in us, to enable us to work is all any of us should think of having now”- the newspaper was suppressed after 11 issues. 1915 August 1915. Terence Mac Swiney appointed full-time organiser of the Volunteers for County Cork. Mainly cycling, throughout Co. Cork helping form branches of the Irish Volunteers. T.J. Murphy of Lissarda, Crookstown, Co Cork writes “the example of the hard life of Terence Mac Swiney... carried us on ... (He came) amongst us in frost and snow, drilling us, getting us ready for the day... devoting hours in a bleak country-side on many a winter’s evening, and rushing off on a push-bike, perhaps at 10.00 o’clock, to meet another Company”. Attended Irish language Summer course in Ballingeary to improve his Irish and visit an area he loved. 1916 Easter Week. The ship the “Aud” fails to land German guns and ammunition in Co. Kerry - to be used in the Rising. Roger Casement is arrested – the Aud scuttled with its munitions when under escort in Cork harbour. No armed rising takes place in Cork following countermand of orders issued by Gen. Eoin Mac Neill Volunteer HQ Dublin. Mac Swiney later quoted bitterly “Order, counter-order, disorder” – a lesson perhaps learned for the future. On Easter Sunday 1916, hundreds of Cork City and other Irish Volunteers marched past the museum building in Kilmurry that was once home to ancestors of their vice-commandant and later Cork’s Lord Mayor, Terence MacSwiney. Terence Mac Swiney arrested and imprisoned at Frongach, North Wales and later moved to Reading jail in England and later released. 1917 In February he is re-arrested and interred at Bromyard in England where Terence MacSwiney marries Muriel Murphy - of the Murphy brewing family in Cork -whom he had known since 1915. At their wedding Terence Mac Swiney wore an officer uniform of the Irish Volunteers which one of the bridesmaids, Geraldine Neeson, had helped smuggle over from Cork. 1918 In June their only child, a daughter, Maire Og, is born in Cork. (In 1945 Maire Og married Ruairi Brugha , son of Cathal Brugha a 1916 volunteer and first Ceann Comhairle ( Chairman) of Dail Eareann). Terence Mac Swiney, as a Volunteer leader, was by now under close surveillance by both police and military and was arrested a number of times. He rarely spent the night at his own home but at carefully selected houses all over Cork In Ireland there was a complete swing in the mood of the people towards the idea of a Republic. Terence Mac Swiney is elected to Dail Eireann ( Irish Parliament) –as a Sinn Fein candidate for Mid –Cork constituency. 1919 The first Dail Eireann was held in the Mansion House Dublin in January- when it adopted a Constitution and approved the declaration of independence as signed by the 1916 leaders –setting up a separate Irish Parliament, Government and Republic. Terence Mac Swiney strongly advocates that Gaelic Irish should be the spoken language of the Irish people and he endeavoured to have motions conducted through Irish. 1920 March 19th. Tomas Mac Curtain, Lord Mayor of Cork, is shot at his home. The coroner’s verdict is the Lord Mayor “was wilfully murdered, under circumstances of most callous brutality; that the murder was organised and carried out by the Royal Irish Constabulary -officially directed by the British Government” Terence Mac Swiney was appointed Lord Mayor of Cork- unopposed. “.... I am more of a soldier stepping into the breach than as an administrator to fill the post in the Municipality.....by showing ourselves un-terrified -cool and inflexible for the fulfilment of our chief purpose – the establishment of the independence and integrity of our country, the peace and happiness of the Irish Republic”. He enjoyed music in all its forms and at this time took an active part in the reorganisation of the Cork Municipal School of Music. March 1920 saw the arrival in Ireland of the “Black and Tans” and Auxilaries – with increasing use of force by the British military – resignations from the R.I.C. became frequent. August 12th. Terence Mac Swiney, Lord Mayor, arrested at Cork City Hall –charged with being in possession of seditious documents. On arrest he commenced his fast saying “ I shall be free alive or dead within a month”. He is sentenced to 2 years in Brixton prison, England arriving there on August 18th. His fast would gain world-wide attention and bring focus on Ireland and its quest for Independence. 30th September . He wrote to Cathal Brugha “... ah Cathal , the pain of Easter Week is probably dead at last.... God bless you again and again and God give you and yours long years of happiness under the victorious Republic”. As his health deteriorated usually present were his wife Muriel, his sisters Annie and Mary, his brother Sean his Chaplain Fr. Dominic O.F.M Capuchin –to share bedside vigils. Dr Coholan, Bishop of Cork also visited as well as Bishop Mannix of Melbourne among others. 25th October Terence Mac Swiney dies, age 41, following his 74 day fast. His body is removed to Southwark Cathedral where over thirty thousand people visit to pay their respects. His body is returned by mail-boat direct to Cork under military escort to avoid possible demonstrations in Dublin. Following Mass at the North Cathedral and funeral attended by huge crowds in Cork City Terence MacSwiney is buried in the Republican plot at St. Finbarr’s Cemetery, Cork - alongside his comrade Tomas Mac Curtain Notes; Note, Sean O’Hegarty referred to (at 1901 and 1913) is buried in the old graveyard in Kilmurry. Daniel Corkerry writing to Mary Mac Swiney a few days after Terence MacSwiney’s death “ ...I know how much he loved Mid-cork, every hill of it, and its fine people, and know quite well that certain of its features would recur to his memory with terrible intensity”. Bishop Coholan in a letter to the Cork Examiner Newspaper wrote “ Periodically, the memory of the martyr’s death will remind a young generation of the fundamental question of the freedom of Ireland”. Petit Journal , Paris said “The death of the Lord Mayor of Cork has interested the whole of humanity in the cause of Irish Independence. Prof. Liam O’Brien then in Paris says “that Europe was ringing with MacSwiney’s name”. Corriere d’Italia “ his wish has been to sacrifice his life for (his country) in testimony to his faith – and the same sacrifice may well be the equivalent for England as a crushing defeat”. Terence Mac Swiney writings. • The Music of Freedom by 'Cuireadóir'. (Poems, The Risen Gaedheal Press, Cork 1907) • Fianna Fáil : the Irish army : a journal for militant Ireland weekly publication edited and mainly written by MacSwiney; Cork, 11 issues, (September to December 1914) • The Revolutionist; a play in five acts (Dublin, London: Maunsel and Company, 1914). Internet Archive. • The Ethics of Revolt: a discussion from a Catholic point of view as to when it becomes lawful to rise in revolt against the Civil Power by Toirdhealbhach Mac Suibhne (pamphlet, 1918) • Battle-cries (Poems, 1918) • Principles of Freedom (Dublin: The Talbot Press, 1921) • Despite Fools' Laughter; poems by Terence MacSwiney. Edited by B. G. MacCarthy (Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, 1944) Quotes • "It is not those who can inflict the most, but those that can suffer the most who will prevail” • "I am confident that my death will do more to smash the British Empire than my release." (On his hunger strike) • "I want you to bear witness that I die as a Soldier of the Irish Republic." His last words to a visiting priest. Mac Swiney clan background. In Ireland the Mac Sweeney or Clann Suibhne were primarily engaged as professional captains or Galloglass or Galloglaigh from (1200-1600). Galloglass (g. Galloglaigh), are defined as a class of elite mercenary warriors, principally members of the Norse – Gaelic Clans of Scotland, between the mid thirteenth and late sixteenth centuries. In Donegal the MacSwineys divided into three Branches, MacSuibhne Fanad, Mac Suibhne na dTuath and Mac Suibhne Banaghin. Their services as Galloglass were much in demand from both Irish Chieftains and indeed Anglo Norman families. In a document compiled in 1602 by Sir George Carew, Lord President of Munster, it records that an Edmund MacSwiney was ‘drawn out of Ulster’ by Cormac MacCarthy, the builder of Blarney Castle, who died in 1494. This was the likely commencement of a migratory move South by the Mac Swineys whose role it was to train men in the skills of warfare and lead them in battle. They were also in demand as custodians of castles and in return for their services received rents, cattle and in time also acquired lands. This association with the MacCarthys in Muskerry lasted into the seventeenth century. In 1570 it is recorded the MacSwineys are fighting on the side of James Fitzmaurice (Fitzgerald) when the then Viceroy, the Earl of Sydney, reports that he is moving against the MacSwiney Galloglasses ‘who supply the chief forces of the traitor’. The MacSwineys are linked with a MacCarthy castle at Castlemore, near Farnanes, and held castles held in their own right at Clodagh (Cloghda) near Crookstown and Mashanaglass near Macroom. The ‘castles’ at Clodagh and Mashanaglass were built in the period (1400a.d. to 1600a.d) and could more accurately be described as ‘tower houses’. Both castles, especially Mashanaglass, are in advanced stages of disrepair and decay. In 1598 a Brian MacSwiney and his wife Honora Fitzgerald are recorded as occupiers and owners of Clodah castle (towerhouse) where a stone upper-floor mantelpiece has the inscription ‘Anno Dni. 1598 B.M.S.O.G. Decimo Die Julii’ . In 1610 this Brian is applying for a re-grant of the Castle but it was awarded to an Edward Southworthe. In 1834 (Tithe Applotment Book) the castle is held by the Earl of Bandon and probably used as a hunting lodge. When Cromwell invaded Ireland his armies over-ran Muskerry and the lands and possessions of the MacSwineys were seized and given to Cromwell’s followers. Many of the MacSwineys lived on in Muskerry and from one of these, and descendent of the last owner of Clodagh Castle came John MacSwiney, Terence’s father “ He was born in a small farm-house near Crookstown, in the year 1835-just before the famine. While still a young man he shook of his restricted surroundings and made his way to Rome, in order to serve in the Papal Guard during the war against Garibaldi. He arrived in Rome too late the fighting was already over. On his way home, in 1870 he obtained work in London, as a school teacher. A year later he married another school-teacher, Miss Mary Wilkinson. Her father was English, or partly so, her mother’s family had emigrated from the South of Ireland two or three generations earlier. The first three Mac Swiney Children, Mary, Catherine and Peter were born in London, later on the family moved back to Cork where Terence, Margaret, Annie and Sean were born. Following the failure of a business venture with his brother in law John Mac Swiney went to Australia in search of work where he had relations and where he died in 1895. This placed a heavy burden on Mrs Mary Mac Swiney to rear her family and Terence left secondary school at age sixteen to work in the office of Dwyer and Company on WashingtonStreet. (Return to Dates sheet). T.McSwiney ( KHAA 12/2015). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Indpendence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1879 - 1920 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Principles of Freedom (Terence MacSwiney) 1921 1st edition Subject The topic of the resource Terence MacSwiney Description An account of the resource Principles of Freedom (Terence MacSwiney) 1921 1st edition Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Book Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.0480 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1879-1921 Terence MacSwiney Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Irish War of Independence Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Type The nature or genre of the resource Subject The topic of the resource Irish War of Independence Description An account of the resource War of Independence Cogadh na Saoirse In the immediate aftermath of the Rising it seemed that a calm had settled on Ireland; the command structure of the Volunteers had been depleted and a countrywide round-up of dissenters had been exiled to internment in the United Kingdom. However a simmering resentment remained among the people due to the execution of the rebel leaders, internment of the surviving Volunteers and the continued recruitment drive for manpower for the War effort; allied with the carrot and stick approach tactics of the British linking the implementation of Home Rule to conscription. The rejuvenated Volunteers and its leaders, once released from internment (Frongoch Internment Camp in Wales was known as the “University of Revolution “) had begun to re-organize and rally around the issue of recruitment. The funeral in 1917 of 1916 leader Thomas Ashe (who died on hunger strike while being force fed) had many echoes of the pre-Rising funeral of O’ Donovan Rossa; the impressive organisation of the Volunteers on the day of Ashe’s funeral, and even the choice of a relatively unknown funeral orator, Michael Collins; who would go on to play as dominant a role in the forthcoming conflict, as Patrick Pearse had done in the previous one. Other important indicators of the subtle return of confidence to the separatist ranks were the ceding, by Arthur Griffith of the Presidency of Sinn Fein in favour of Eamon De Valera and the subsequent election of De Valera as President of the Volunteers; increasingly referred to as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Sinn Fein now had the confidence of an army underlying it. The IRA, after the Sinn Fein landslide victory in the general election of 1918, now enjoyed the legitimacy of a democratic majority. Having stood on a policy platform of abstaining from the Westminster Parliament - regarding it as a foreign parliament, the newly elected Sinn Fein members ( those that were not still imprisoned or on the run) convened on 21st of January , 1918 to form the new independent assembly, Dáil Éireann. On the same day in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, two RIC policemen were killed by men from the South Tipperary Brigade of the IRA, in an attempt to gain much needed arms. This is regarded as the first significant encounter of the Anglo-Irish War. Apart from purloining arms, another key tactic of the IRA was instigating a boycott, among locals, of the police. This intimidation inevitably led to a mass of retirements and reduction in the force and ultimately abandoning many of the more isolated rural barracks; leading to a breakdown in civil authority and a further legitimacy to Sinn Fein as the only local enforcement of civil order. The British authorities were prepared to leave the conflict at a ‘law and order’ level as a war would effectively recognise the authority of the new government. The preferred method of engaging with the insurgents was by way of ‘unofficial’ reprisals and harassment but these practices usually only elicited more resentment from the general populace. It was only when an orchestrated attack on three RIC barracks in the Cork area commanded by The Cork No.1 Brigade, that acknowledgment was made at British Government level that “…acts of war…” had been committed. One of these concurrent attacks was an unsuccessful one on the RIC Barracks at Kilmurry by a force of about 60 Macroom Company men with some men from the Kilmurry Company acting as scouts and look-outs. Eventually the British acknowledged the escalation of hostilities by recruiting support for the understrength RIC. This arrived in the form of temporary cadets – Black and Tans – named after their ad-hoc uniforms which were a mix of RIC and British Army due to supply shortages; figuratively betraying also the dual nature of their role. There were further reinforcements from experienced former British Officers in the guise of a paramilitary force, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC), more commonly known as Auxiliaries or Auxies. A further bolster to the Crown Forces was the introduction of the draconian Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 and later on the selective introduction of martial law. The IRA in Cork responded to the escalation of hostilities with their own mobile paramilitary units – The Flying Column – which gained some notable military victories over the more experienced and numerically superior Crown Forces. In Dublin Michael Collins as Director of Intelligence for the Irish Republican Army (among his many roles) had a notable coup whereby the IRA essentially emasculated British Intelligence operations in Dublin by locating and killing eleven members of the crack undercover team known as the ‘Cairo Gang’. In retaliation the Crown Forces opened fire on a Gaelic football match in Croke Park; fourteen civilians died in the attack. Later on the British murdered three IRA prisoners it was holding in Dublin Castle. The day was dubbed as ‘Bloody Sunday’ and was considered a major propaganda and strategic victory for the IRA. The same year saw another major military and morale boosting victory for the IRA when in Cork an ambush of Auxiliaries in Kilmichael by the West Cork Flying Column resulted in 17 British casualties for the loss of three Volunteers. In response the British imposed martial law in most of Munster, including County Cork. In Cork City they also imposed a curfew and on the night of 11–12 December 1920 they burnt and looted the city as a reprisal for an engagement earlier on that evening and the Kilmichael Ambush, two weeks earlier. While the next few months saw even more tit-for-tat casualties it seemed clear that both sides were fighting a battle neither side could hope to win. Eventually a truce was agreed on 21st of July 1921. Since Munster, Cork in particular, saw a majority of the action outside of Dublin in the War of Independence it is no surprise that Kilmurry and its neighbouring parishes were witness to some of the key activities and engagements of the conflict; given its proximity to British garrisons at Cork, Ballincollig, Macroom and Bandon, and the consequent troop movement between them. This concentration of enemy forces attracted IRA attention to the area facilitated by a network of safe houses and loyal following. One such safe-house was in the neighbouring Parish of Kilmichael, Joe O’ Sullivan’s house at Gurranereigh. While Kilmurry was in the 1st Cork Brigade area it was adjacent to the 3rd Cork Brigade, to whose men it was considered a safe and convenient haven. It was to this house that Tom Barry and his men of the 1st Cork Brigade retired to billets after the Crossbarry Ambush on 19th of March 1921. Indeed the area was so often used by the men of the West Cork Flying Column that Sean O’ Hegarty, Officer Commanding of the Ist Cork Brigade once enquired of Tom Barry if “… (they) had any food or houses in West Cork”. Another member of the West Cork Flying Column and a veteran of the Crossbarry and Kilmichael Ambushes was Liam Deasy who in his memoir of the Anglo-Irish War ‘Towards Ireland Free’ fondly remembers the welcome they always received, not only from the Kilmurry/Crookstown Company Officers but also the people of the area. On the morning of Sunday, 22nd of August 1920, the area itself was witness to an ambush of Crown Forces at Lissarda. Local Volunteer William Powell of the Kilmurry Company (later Crookstown Company) observed a convoy of RIC and Tans on the way from Cork to Macroom earlier that morning and knowing they would at some stage return to Cork, set about staging an ambush on their route through Lissarda. It was only about 2:30pm when the convoy arrived at Lissarda but even at this stage all the ambush party had not yet arrived in their positions; there had been 12:30pm Mass to attend, guns to be collected, most likely farm work and probably some dinner. During the engagement one Volunteer was killed. The local man was Michael Galvin who was secretly buried in the Kilmurry Churchyard (any overt ceremony would have incurred reprisals for the family), before later being interred, when it was safe to do so, in St. Mary’s Graveyard, Kilmurry. One of the last actions of the war just a few weeks before the truce, saw the torching of the big house at Warrenscourt. Even at this late stage of the war there was evidence that the British were intent on stationing troops there to suppress IRA activity in the area. This showed the belief of both sides that even with a truce in sight they would be more than ready to continue the fight. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1919 - 1921 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Print of Members of First Dáil Éireann 1919 (framed) Subject The topic of the resource First Dáil Description An account of the resource Framed Print of Members of First Dáil Éireann 1919 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kathleen O' Shea Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource physical object Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource print (framed) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.1155 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Easter Rising Subject The topic of the resource Easter Rising Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Independence Museum Kilmurry Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1926 Description An account of the resource Éirí Amach na Cásca After the split in the Volunteer organisation, the breakaway Irish Volunteers were now wholly under the control of the physical force proponents. However, the Executive leadership of the organisation, while not against the idea of confronting the British, were of the view that any confrontation that would take place would only be in the case of an attempt to impose conscription or any effort to suppress the organisation or seize their weapons. Chief-of-Staff Eoin MacNeill firmly believed that if any uprising were to occur without popular support, it would be doomed to failure. While the leadership of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), the driving force behind the Irish Volunteers, largely shared this view, the IRB Military Council itself had been planning an armed insurrection against the British while they were preoccupied with the First World War. This Military Council would eventually comprise of all the future signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic. One of the later additions to the Military Council was James Connolly of the Irish Citizen Army (ICA) whose own inclination, independent of the Military Council, was to stage an armed rebellion. The genesis of the Easter Rising of 1916 is supposed to have begun at Patrick Pearse’s stirring graveyard oration at the funeral of renowned Fenian and Rosscarbery native Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa in August of 1915 in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. The mass mobilization surrounding the funeral was a deliberately overt demonstration of the strength and military precision of the Irish Volunteers. When the actual Insurrection occurred on Easter Weekend 1916, the reality was somewhat different. A determination by the Military Council to keep the planning secret both from dissenting leadership of the Volunteers (indeed from some of the IRB also) and from possible informers, resulted in the regional command structure being unaware of the true nature of the planned mobilisation for that weekend. Chaos then ensued due to a countermanding order issued by MacNeill (a press notice was issued in that weekend’s newspaper!), once he became aware of the imminent insurrection. Once this countermanding order from the Chief-of-Staff had been issued, the regional leadership had no choice but to fall in line despite counter-countermanding orders issued subsequently. One also has to appreciate the difficulty of communication given the constraints of time and distance, all under the ever watchful eyes of the police, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). Another spanner in the works was the arrest of Sir Roger Casement and the interception of the Aud, which was to land at Tralee, carrying much needed guns and ammunition from the Germans. In Dublin the intervention of MacNeill only succeeded in delaying the insurrection for one day because the command structure there was directly linked to the Military Council. “Boys, some of us may never come back!” - Thomas MacDonagh The Rising began on Easter Monday with the mobilisation of the Irish Volunteers, Connolly’s ICA, Cumann na mBan and some other minor groupings. While they seized and occupied many key buildings, they set up headquarters in the heart of Dublin’s main thoroughfare, in the General Post Office (GPO). The reception from the local populace was at best indifferent and at worse insulting. This however soon turned to outright resentment due to the widespread destruction of the city by the consequent British bombardment. It appeared that the Rebels’ assertion that the British would not destroy the properties of one of the major cities of its Empire was unfounded; they were treating Dublin more like Berlin than Birmingham! After 5 days and in the face of overwhelming superiority of forces and artillery, to save lives and property, the Rebels agreed to an unconditional surrender. While plans may have envisaged a more widespread Rising and aspired to a more successful conclusion, there is no doubt that the leaders were under no illusions as to the likeliest outcome: their courts-martial and executions for treason under the wide-ranging wartime Defence of the Realm Act (DORA). Their main aim all the time was to provoke a reaction from the British and to raise the consciousness of those whom they believed were falsely placated by the promise of devolved regional government, while at the same time giving a glimpse of the paucity of autonomy that Home Rule would provide. Given the strictures of wartime censorship and a mostly unsympathetic press it is difficult to gauge the amount of popular support there might have been for a revolution before the British lionised the leaders by executing them over an extended period of time and by their mass countrywide round-up and internment of Irish Volunteers. In the 1918 General Election, Sinn Féin, their manifesto standing firmly by the same principles as envisaged by the Proclamation of the Provisional Government of Easter, 1916, gained a remarkable landslide victory. “… order, counter-order, disorder” - Terence MacSwiney In Cork, in his role as Brigade Commander of the Cork Volunteers, Tomás MacCurtain, had control of some thousand Volunteers; these were to be deployed in the transport and distribution of the imminent arms shipment due to arrive on the Aud. It is not clear exactly when MacCurtain was informed of the planned Rising for that weekend ( as an IRB member he most likely was taken into the confidence of the Military Council), but he was certainly well prepared for the very real possibility of an engagement with enemy forces when coming into possession of so many arms. The planned role for Cork in the Rising would require that members of the Cork City Battalion would take the train (some made their way by bicycle) from Cork to Crookstown on Easter Sunday, rendezvous with the other Cork Battalions at Béal na Blath, and then proceed to Kilmurry where they were to be joined by some 20 men from the Kilmurry Company. In all some 400 men assembled in Kilmurry and then set off to Macroom from where they were to proceed onto Carriganimma to meet up with other Companies assembled there. MacCurtain was in the winless position of knowing that the shipment of arms had been intercepted but had decided to continue the mobilization through to Macroom, at least as an exercise and even more importantly to maintain discipline and morale. It was only on his return to Cork City on Easter Monday to stand down the Volunteers, having spent the previous twenty-four hours travelling County Cork with MacSwiney, that he was informed that an insurrection had indeed begun in Dublin. The Cork City Volunteers held the Volunteer Hall in Sheares Street for most of that week under threat of bombardment from the British Military forces unless all arms were surrendered. An accommodation was reached after intervention by the Bishop of Cork and Kilmichael Parish native, Daniel Cohalan and Lord Mayor of Cork, Councillor Thomas C. Butterfield; the arms would be deposited for safekeeping to the Lord Mayor and the men would be free to return to their homes. These terms were then breached by the British when they raided the Lord Mayor’s house and captured the arms and subsequently interned both MacCurtain and MacSwiney. Later enquiries carried out by the Volunteers and the IRB found that MacCurtain and MacSwiney had conducted themselves appropriately given the circumstances on that confusing weekend. Exonerated or not, there was no little frustration experienced by them and their fellow Volunteers; given their sense of uselessness in the face of the much different experience and tragic outcome experienced by their Dublin colleagues. They would have to bide their time to vent this frustration. Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Print of Signatories of 1916 Proclamation Subject The topic of the resource Easter Rising Description An account of the resource Print of signatories of 1916 Proclamation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mr Patrick Sheehan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Print Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.0106 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1916 1916 Rising Easter Rebellion Éirí Amach na Cásca https://imkarchive.org/files/original/1fd938e75ada3eae85fd8e4cc77ee844.JPG ef910b96135496ee069e90e11eb1a85f https://imkarchive.org/files/original/4072482c74a02683ac42f797d05949cc.JPG 95a8fa4743137947e3f9aa9c2de31a91 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Irish War of Independence Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Type The nature or genre of the resource Subject The topic of the resource Irish War of Independence Description An account of the resource War of Independence Cogadh na Saoirse In the immediate aftermath of the Rising it seemed that a calm had settled on Ireland; the command structure of the Volunteers had been depleted and a countrywide round-up of dissenters had been exiled to internment in the United Kingdom. However a simmering resentment remained among the people due to the execution of the rebel leaders, internment of the surviving Volunteers and the continued recruitment drive for manpower for the War effort; allied with the carrot and stick approach tactics of the British linking the implementation of Home Rule to conscription. The rejuvenated Volunteers and its leaders, once released from internment (Frongoch Internment Camp in Wales was known as the “University of Revolution “) had begun to re-organize and rally around the issue of recruitment. The funeral in 1917 of 1916 leader Thomas Ashe (who died on hunger strike while being force fed) had many echoes of the pre-Rising funeral of O’ Donovan Rossa; the impressive organisation of the Volunteers on the day of Ashe’s funeral, and even the choice of a relatively unknown funeral orator, Michael Collins; who would go on to play as dominant a role in the forthcoming conflict, as Patrick Pearse had done in the previous one. Other important indicators of the subtle return of confidence to the separatist ranks were the ceding, by Arthur Griffith of the Presidency of Sinn Fein in favour of Eamon De Valera and the subsequent election of De Valera as President of the Volunteers; increasingly referred to as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Sinn Fein now had the confidence of an army underlying it. The IRA, after the Sinn Fein landslide victory in the general election of 1918, now enjoyed the legitimacy of a democratic majority. Having stood on a policy platform of abstaining from the Westminster Parliament - regarding it as a foreign parliament, the newly elected Sinn Fein members ( those that were not still imprisoned or on the run) convened on 21st of January , 1918 to form the new independent assembly, Dáil Éireann. On the same day in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, two RIC policemen were killed by men from the South Tipperary Brigade of the IRA, in an attempt to gain much needed arms. This is regarded as the first significant encounter of the Anglo-Irish War. Apart from purloining arms, another key tactic of the IRA was instigating a boycott, among locals, of the police. This intimidation inevitably led to a mass of retirements and reduction in the force and ultimately abandoning many of the more isolated rural barracks; leading to a breakdown in civil authority and a further legitimacy to Sinn Fein as the only local enforcement of civil order. The British authorities were prepared to leave the conflict at a ‘law and order’ level as a war would effectively recognise the authority of the new government. The preferred method of engaging with the insurgents was by way of ‘unofficial’ reprisals and harassment but these practices usually only elicited more resentment from the general populace. It was only when an orchestrated attack on three RIC barracks in the Cork area commanded by The Cork No.1 Brigade, that acknowledgment was made at British Government level that “…acts of war…” had been committed. One of these concurrent attacks was an unsuccessful one on the RIC Barracks at Kilmurry by a force of about 60 Macroom Company men with some men from the Kilmurry Company acting as scouts and look-outs. Eventually the British acknowledged the escalation of hostilities by recruiting support for the understrength RIC. This arrived in the form of temporary cadets – Black and Tans – named after their ad-hoc uniforms which were a mix of RIC and British Army due to supply shortages; figuratively betraying also the dual nature of their role. There were further reinforcements from experienced former British Officers in the guise of a paramilitary force, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC), more commonly known as Auxiliaries or Auxies. A further bolster to the Crown Forces was the introduction of the draconian Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 and later on the selective introduction of martial law. The IRA in Cork responded to the escalation of hostilities with their own mobile paramilitary units – The Flying Column – which gained some notable military victories over the more experienced and numerically superior Crown Forces. In Dublin Michael Collins as Director of Intelligence for the Irish Republican Army (among his many roles) had a notable coup whereby the IRA essentially emasculated British Intelligence operations in Dublin by locating and killing eleven members of the crack undercover team known as the ‘Cairo Gang’. In retaliation the Crown Forces opened fire on a Gaelic football match in Croke Park; fourteen civilians died in the attack. Later on the British murdered three IRA prisoners it was holding in Dublin Castle. The day was dubbed as ‘Bloody Sunday’ and was considered a major propaganda and strategic victory for the IRA. The same year saw another major military and morale boosting victory for the IRA when in Cork an ambush of Auxiliaries in Kilmichael by the West Cork Flying Column resulted in 17 British casualties for the loss of three Volunteers. In response the British imposed martial law in most of Munster, including County Cork. In Cork City they also imposed a curfew and on the night of 11–12 December 1920 they burnt and looted the city as a reprisal for an engagement earlier on that evening and the Kilmichael Ambush, two weeks earlier. While the next few months saw even more tit-for-tat casualties it seemed clear that both sides were fighting a battle neither side could hope to win. Eventually a truce was agreed on 21st of July 1921. Since Munster, Cork in particular, saw a majority of the action outside of Dublin in the War of Independence it is no surprise that Kilmurry and its neighbouring parishes were witness to some of the key activities and engagements of the conflict; given its proximity to British garrisons at Cork, Ballincollig, Macroom and Bandon, and the consequent troop movement between them. This concentration of enemy forces attracted IRA attention to the area facilitated by a network of safe houses and loyal following. One such safe-house was in the neighbouring Parish of Kilmichael, Joe O’ Sullivan’s house at Gurranereigh. While Kilmurry was in the 1st Cork Brigade area it was adjacent to the 3rd Cork Brigade, to whose men it was considered a safe and convenient haven. It was to this house that Tom Barry and his men of the 1st Cork Brigade retired to billets after the Crossbarry Ambush on 19th of March 1921. Indeed the area was so often used by the men of the West Cork Flying Column that Sean O’ Hegarty, Officer Commanding of the Ist Cork Brigade once enquired of Tom Barry if “… (they) had any food or houses in West Cork”. Another member of the West Cork Flying Column and a veteran of the Crossbarry and Kilmichael Ambushes was Liam Deasy who in his memoir of the Anglo-Irish War ‘Towards Ireland Free’ fondly remembers the welcome they always received, not only from the Kilmurry/Crookstown Company Officers but also the people of the area. On the morning of Sunday, 22nd of August 1920, the area itself was witness to an ambush of Crown Forces at Lissarda. Local Volunteer William Powell of the Kilmurry Company (later Crookstown Company) observed a convoy of RIC and Tans on the way from Cork to Macroom earlier that morning and knowing they would at some stage return to Cork, set about staging an ambush on their route through Lissarda. It was only about 2:30pm when the convoy arrived at Lissarda but even at this stage all the ambush party had not yet arrived in their positions; there had been 12:30pm Mass to attend, guns to be collected, most likely farm work and probably some dinner. During the engagement one Volunteer was killed. The local man was Michael Galvin who was secretly buried in the Kilmurry Churchyard (any overt ceremony would have incurred reprisals for the family), before later being interred, when it was safe to do so, in St. Mary’s Graveyard, Kilmurry. One of the last actions of the war just a few weeks before the truce, saw the torching of the big house at Warrenscourt. Even at this late stage of the war there was evidence that the British were intent on stationing troops there to suppress IRA activity in the area. This showed the belief of both sides that even with a truce in sight they would be more than ready to continue the fight. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1919 - 1921 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prison Cell Door Indicator Flap Subject The topic of the resource Anglo-Irish War, Irish War of Independence, War of Independence, Ireland, 1919-1921 Description An account of the resource Prison Cell Door Indicator Flap (Cell #6) - Patrick O'Sullivan - (Cobh) Executed Cork Military Detention Barracks 28-4-1921 The greatest loss of life incurred by the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence occurred on 21 February 1921, when the forces of British Army, Royal Irish Constabulary and Auxiliaries/Black and Tans surrounded a farmhouse in Clonmult, Co Cork; inside were gathered some 21 Volunteers, almost the entire East Cork flying column. In the ensuing action, twelve IRA Volunteers were killed in a disputed surrender, four wounded and four captured; two of which were later executed. A total of 22 people died as a result of the ambush and subsequent executions – 14 IRA members, 2 Crown Forces and 6 suspected informers One of those who was captured on that day, Patrick (Paddy) O’Sullivan Lieutenant ‘A’ Company, 4th Battalion, 1st Cork Brigade, Irish Volunteers, was later executed, after court-martial, on 21 April, 1921 along with his friend, fellow Volunteer and fellow Cobh native, Maurice Moore. Patrick (Paddy) and Maurice had also joined the Volunteers together in 1916. Patrick took part in all the engagements of Cobh Company, including the captures of Carrigtwohill and Cloyne police barracks. He was one of the original members of the 4th Battalion, Cork No.1 Brigade Flying Column, and took part in all the company engagements up to the date of his capture at Clonmult. While the manner of the surrender at Clonmult was disputed, the British General Headquarters insisted that it was a false surrender while those surviving Volunteers insisted that the men had come out with their hands up, only to be shot by the police without any provocation; the fact that most of those killed in the surrender were shot in the face at close range seems to lend support to the latter. In any case Patrick had just witnessed the deaths of most of his fellow Column members and then while being conveyed from Clonmult to Cork Military Barracks he was robbed and beaten by his captors. While the suffering and uncertainty of the intervening period for Paddy ended with his execution there is ample record that the suffering and humiliation of his family and parents lasted long after their own grieving. Paddy was, in his mother’s own words “her sole support’ and while at the time of his capture he was unemployed due to having being fired for being a prominent Sinn Feiner, a man of 22 when he died and a UCC graduate his mother might have expected more than the inadequate gratuity she later received (after a protracted appeal) from the Army Pensions Board. The loving bond between Patrick, his mother, his country and his faith were evident in a letter sent to his mother the night before his execution: My Dearest Mother, I sincerely hope and trust that God and His Blessed Virgin Mother Mary will comfort and console you and enable yourself and poor father to bear this trial with patience and to suffer all for the holy Will of God; also my loving brothers, relations and friends. I am in great spirits and pray for the hour to come when I will be released from this world of sorrow and suffering. We must all die someday, and I am simply going by an early train. Jesus and Mary were my friends and supports in all the trials of life, and now that death is coming they are truer and better friends than ever. You can rest assured that I will be happy in Heaven, and although I have to leave you in mourning, you will be consoled to think I am going to meet God in Heaven and also my brothers and sister. Why should I fear to die, when death will only unite me to God in Heaven. If I could choose my own death, I would not ask to die otherwise. In fact I am delighted to have had such a glorious opportunity of gaining eternal salvation as well as serving my country. My death will help with the others, and remember that those who die for Ireland never die. Don’t let my death cause you too much unnecessary worry or grief, and then when I get to Heaven I will constantly pray to God for the kind and loving parents He gave me, to help them to bear this little Cross. Tell my loving brothers and friends that I will also remember them. Goodbye now, my dearest and best of mothers, until we meet again in Heaven with God. Your fond and loving son, Paddy. Another Volunteer, Diarmuid O’Leary (whose death sentence would subsequently be commuted) who had been captured along with Patrick and Maurice recounts how brutally it was brought home that the execution sentences of the two Cobh men would be carried through. “….a sentry was posted outside the two doors of the cells next to mine, and that the doors were marked with a large cross (X). My door bore no such cross. In the two “marked” cells were Paddy [O’Sullivan] and Maurice [Moore]. . . . The following morning . . . I heard the cell doors beside me opening, and Maurice and Paddy passing my door answering the litany of the rosary. Very shortly afterwards I heard the shots which signalled the death of my two comrades,” That cell, which Paddy had just left on the morning of the 21st of April, 1921 was Cell No. 6, Cork Military Detention Barracks; the Cell Indicator Flap and Peephole as well as the handcuffs used on Paddy O’ Sullivan are on permanent display in Independence Museum Kilmurry. Maurice Moore and Patrick O’Sullivan were both natives of Cobh who went to the same school, worked in the same place (Haulbowline), fought in the same IRA Company, both captured in the Battle of Clonmult and both executed on the same day. They are buried alongside each other in the old exercise yard of the former Cork County Gaol, now part of the UCC Campus. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Metal Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.0363 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1919-1921 1919-1921 Anglo-Irish War Clonmult Ambush Cork Military Detention Barracks Ireland Irish War of Independence Victoria Barracks Cork War of Independence https://imkarchive.org/files/original/3a067d95f1b4ff9cbf0bc37d9a66b1df.JPG e65ae55b2ca64423cef44d34d686df64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Irish War of Independence Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Type The nature or genre of the resource Subject The topic of the resource Irish War of Independence Description An account of the resource War of Independence Cogadh na Saoirse In the immediate aftermath of the Rising it seemed that a calm had settled on Ireland; the command structure of the Volunteers had been depleted and a countrywide round-up of dissenters had been exiled to internment in the United Kingdom. However a simmering resentment remained among the people due to the execution of the rebel leaders, internment of the surviving Volunteers and the continued recruitment drive for manpower for the War effort; allied with the carrot and stick approach tactics of the British linking the implementation of Home Rule to conscription. The rejuvenated Volunteers and its leaders, once released from internment (Frongoch Internment Camp in Wales was known as the “University of Revolution “) had begun to re-organize and rally around the issue of recruitment. The funeral in 1917 of 1916 leader Thomas Ashe (who died on hunger strike while being force fed) had many echoes of the pre-Rising funeral of O’ Donovan Rossa; the impressive organisation of the Volunteers on the day of Ashe’s funeral, and even the choice of a relatively unknown funeral orator, Michael Collins; who would go on to play as dominant a role in the forthcoming conflict, as Patrick Pearse had done in the previous one. Other important indicators of the subtle return of confidence to the separatist ranks were the ceding, by Arthur Griffith of the Presidency of Sinn Fein in favour of Eamon De Valera and the subsequent election of De Valera as President of the Volunteers; increasingly referred to as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Sinn Fein now had the confidence of an army underlying it. The IRA, after the Sinn Fein landslide victory in the general election of 1918, now enjoyed the legitimacy of a democratic majority. Having stood on a policy platform of abstaining from the Westminster Parliament - regarding it as a foreign parliament, the newly elected Sinn Fein members ( those that were not still imprisoned or on the run) convened on 21st of January , 1918 to form the new independent assembly, Dáil Éireann. On the same day in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, two RIC policemen were killed by men from the South Tipperary Brigade of the IRA, in an attempt to gain much needed arms. This is regarded as the first significant encounter of the Anglo-Irish War. Apart from purloining arms, another key tactic of the IRA was instigating a boycott, among locals, of the police. This intimidation inevitably led to a mass of retirements and reduction in the force and ultimately abandoning many of the more isolated rural barracks; leading to a breakdown in civil authority and a further legitimacy to Sinn Fein as the only local enforcement of civil order. The British authorities were prepared to leave the conflict at a ‘law and order’ level as a war would effectively recognise the authority of the new government. The preferred method of engaging with the insurgents was by way of ‘unofficial’ reprisals and harassment but these practices usually only elicited more resentment from the general populace. It was only when an orchestrated attack on three RIC barracks in the Cork area commanded by The Cork No.1 Brigade, that acknowledgment was made at British Government level that “…acts of war…” had been committed. One of these concurrent attacks was an unsuccessful one on the RIC Barracks at Kilmurry by a force of about 60 Macroom Company men with some men from the Kilmurry Company acting as scouts and look-outs. Eventually the British acknowledged the escalation of hostilities by recruiting support for the understrength RIC. This arrived in the form of temporary cadets – Black and Tans – named after their ad-hoc uniforms which were a mix of RIC and British Army due to supply shortages; figuratively betraying also the dual nature of their role. There were further reinforcements from experienced former British Officers in the guise of a paramilitary force, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC), more commonly known as Auxiliaries or Auxies. A further bolster to the Crown Forces was the introduction of the draconian Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 and later on the selective introduction of martial law. The IRA in Cork responded to the escalation of hostilities with their own mobile paramilitary units – The Flying Column – which gained some notable military victories over the more experienced and numerically superior Crown Forces. In Dublin Michael Collins as Director of Intelligence for the Irish Republican Army (among his many roles) had a notable coup whereby the IRA essentially emasculated British Intelligence operations in Dublin by locating and killing eleven members of the crack undercover team known as the ‘Cairo Gang’. In retaliation the Crown Forces opened fire on a Gaelic football match in Croke Park; fourteen civilians died in the attack. Later on the British murdered three IRA prisoners it was holding in Dublin Castle. The day was dubbed as ‘Bloody Sunday’ and was considered a major propaganda and strategic victory for the IRA. The same year saw another major military and morale boosting victory for the IRA when in Cork an ambush of Auxiliaries in Kilmichael by the West Cork Flying Column resulted in 17 British casualties for the loss of three Volunteers. In response the British imposed martial law in most of Munster, including County Cork. In Cork City they also imposed a curfew and on the night of 11–12 December 1920 they burnt and looted the city as a reprisal for an engagement earlier on that evening and the Kilmichael Ambush, two weeks earlier. While the next few months saw even more tit-for-tat casualties it seemed clear that both sides were fighting a battle neither side could hope to win. Eventually a truce was agreed on 21st of July 1921. Since Munster, Cork in particular, saw a majority of the action outside of Dublin in the War of Independence it is no surprise that Kilmurry and its neighbouring parishes were witness to some of the key activities and engagements of the conflict; given its proximity to British garrisons at Cork, Ballincollig, Macroom and Bandon, and the consequent troop movement between them. This concentration of enemy forces attracted IRA attention to the area facilitated by a network of safe houses and loyal following. One such safe-house was in the neighbouring Parish of Kilmichael, Joe O’ Sullivan’s house at Gurranereigh. While Kilmurry was in the 1st Cork Brigade area it was adjacent to the 3rd Cork Brigade, to whose men it was considered a safe and convenient haven. It was to this house that Tom Barry and his men of the 1st Cork Brigade retired to billets after the Crossbarry Ambush on 19th of March 1921. Indeed the area was so often used by the men of the West Cork Flying Column that Sean O’ Hegarty, Officer Commanding of the Ist Cork Brigade once enquired of Tom Barry if “… (they) had any food or houses in West Cork”. Another member of the West Cork Flying Column and a veteran of the Crossbarry and Kilmichael Ambushes was Liam Deasy who in his memoir of the Anglo-Irish War ‘Towards Ireland Free’ fondly remembers the welcome they always received, not only from the Kilmurry/Crookstown Company Officers but also the people of the area. On the morning of Sunday, 22nd of August 1920, the area itself was witness to an ambush of Crown Forces at Lissarda. Local Volunteer William Powell of the Kilmurry Company (later Crookstown Company) observed a convoy of RIC and Tans on the way from Cork to Macroom earlier that morning and knowing they would at some stage return to Cork, set about staging an ambush on their route through Lissarda. It was only about 2:30pm when the convoy arrived at Lissarda but even at this stage all the ambush party had not yet arrived in their positions; there had been 12:30pm Mass to attend, guns to be collected, most likely farm work and probably some dinner. During the engagement one Volunteer was killed. The local man was Michael Galvin who was secretly buried in the Kilmurry Churchyard (any overt ceremony would have incurred reprisals for the family), before later being interred, when it was safe to do so, in St. Mary’s Graveyard, Kilmurry. One of the last actions of the war just a few weeks before the truce, saw the torching of the big house at Warrenscourt. Even at this late stage of the war there was evidence that the British were intent on stationing troops there to suppress IRA activity in the area. This showed the belief of both sides that even with a truce in sight they would be more than ready to continue the fight. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1919 - 1921 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prison Cell Door Knocker Subject The topic of the resource Anglo-Irish War, Irish War of Independence, War of Independence, Ireland, 1919-1921 Description An account of the resource Cell Door Peephole / Knocker (Cell #6) - Patrick O'Sullivan - (Cobh) Executed Cork Military Detention Barracks 28-4-1921 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Independence Museum Kilmurry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kilmurry Historical & Archaeological Association Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Metal Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource physical object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KHAA.IMK.0365 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1919-1921 1919-1921 Anglo-Irish War Clonmult Ambush Cork Military Detention Barracks Ireland Irish War of Independence Victoria Barracks Cork War of Independence